據統計指出，台灣腎結石盛行率約為10%，高出其他國家許多，究竟為什麼腎結石那麼容易發生？陸媒《生命時報》採訪了中國第二軍醫大學附屬長海醫院營養科主任醫師蔡東聯，列出五項易引發腎結石的危險因子，其中多半和「飲食習慣不良」有關，值得所有人多加注意。
一、飲水量不足
腎結石的形成和長期飲水量不足密切相關。人體70%都是水構成，代謝、排毒都需大量水分，如果飲水量不足，會加重腎臟負擔，最終導致尿液濃縮、結晶體沉澱，並引起腎結石。要避免腎結石，每人每天建議的飲水量為體重公斤數×30C.C.才足夠。
二、高鹽飲食
體內的鹽分經由尿液排出時，也會增加尿鈣排出量，使尿鈣濃度升高，造成鈣鹽沉積於腎臟，引起反覆腎結石。蔡東聯建議，烹飪時可盡量以蒸煮取代煎炸，菜起鍋時再加入鹽，並且少吃鹹菜、調味料醬料類等高鹽食物。
三、攝取過多高蛋白質食物
經常吃肉或甚至以肉當主食的人，由於蛋白質在體內代謝後，會增加尿液酸性，因此身體為平衡尿液酸鹼度，會釋出鹼性的鈣，導致鈣和尿酸結合，在泌尿系統內形成結石。成人每天需要攝取60~80克的蛋白質，經常大魚大肉者很容易超標，應多吃蔬菜水果並調整肉類攝取量，方能有效預防結石。
四、高嘌呤食物吃過量
動物內臟、海鮮都屬高嘌呤食物，而嘌呤的最終代謝產物正是尿酸，一旦體內尿酸過高，就可能形成結石。建議高嘌呤食物別吃過量，吃的時候更不可飲酒，應多喝水以加速嘌呤代謝、排出。
五、高脂肪飲食
脂肪會阻礙尿酸代謝，導致尿酸濃度增加，當水分攝入不足時，就容易形成結石。如果吃了油膩的食物，切記多多喝水才能避免結石。
預防「腎結石」飲食兩大迷思
菠菜配豆腐會導致結石？
蔡東聯表示，菠菜和豆腐同煮確實會產生草酸鈣，但草酸鈣無法被人體吸收，也不會進入泌尿系統，而是會透過糞便排出體外，並沒有導致結石的疑慮。
吃含鈣量高的食物會導致結石？
許多民眾因害怕得結石，都會盡量少吃豆腐、喝牛奶。然而蔡東聯澄清，一般健康成人或結石患者並不需刻意避開含鈣食物，因為形成結石的成分要在特定的尿液酸鹼度下才會析出。而且，適量的鈣反而會和腸道中的草酸結合，形成不易被吸收的草酸鈣，有避免結石發生的作用。
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According to statistics, the prevalence of kidney stones in Taiwan is about 10%, which is higher than many other countries. Why are kidney stones so easy to occur? Lu Media's "Life Times" interviewed Cai Donglian, the chief physician of the Nutrition Department of Changhai Hospital affiliated to China Second Military Medical University, and listed five risk factors that are easy to cause kidney stones. Most of them are related to "bad eating habits", which deserves everyone's attention. .
First, the amount of drinking water is insufficient
The formation of kidney stones is closely related to the lack of long-term drinking water. 70% of the human body is composed of water. Metabolism and detoxification require a lot of water. If the amount of water is insufficient, it will increase the burden on the kidneys, eventually leading to concentration of urine, precipitation of crystals, and kidney stones. To avoid kidney stones, the recommended amount of water per person per day is kg kg x 30 C.C.
Second, high salt diet
When the body's salt is excreted through the urine, it also increases the amount of urinary calcium excreted, causing the urinary calcium concentration to rise, causing calcium salts to deposit in the kidneys, causing repeated kidney stones. Cai Donglian suggested that when cooking, try to replace the frying with steaming. Add salt to the dish when cooking, and eat high-salt foods such as pickles and seasonings.
Third, intake too much high protein food
People who regularly eat meat or even meat as a staple food, because the protein is metabolized in the body, will increase the acidity of the urine, so the body balances the pH of the urine, which will release alkaline calcium, which leads to the combination of calcium and uric acid in the urinary system. Stones form inside. Adults need to consume 60-80 grams of protein per day. It is easy for people with large fish and large meat to exceed the standard. They should eat more fruits and vegetables and adjust the meat intake to prevent stones.
Fourth, sorghum food overdose
Animal internal organs and seafood are all sorghum foods, and the final metabolite of cockroaches is uric acid. Once the uric acid in the body is too high, stones may form. It is recommended that sorghum foods should not be overdose. When eating, drink more alcohol. Drink plenty of water to speed up sputum metabolism and discharge.
Five, high fat diet
Fat can hinder uric acid metabolism, leading to an increase in uric acid concentration, and when water intake is insufficient, it is easy to form stones. If you eat greasy food, remember to drink plenty of water to avoid stones.
Preventing the two myths of "kidney stones" diet
Spinach with tofu can lead to stones?
Cai Donglian said that spinach and tofu do produce calcium oxalate, but calcium oxalate can not be absorbed by the body, nor will it enter the urinary system, but will be excreted through the feces without any doubts about the stones.
Eating foods high in calcium can cause stones?
Many people will try to eat less tofu and drink milk because they are afraid of getting stones. However, Cai Donglian clarified that generally healthy adults or patients with stones do not need to deliberately avoid calcium-containing foods, because the components that form the stones will be precipitated under the specific urine pH. Moreover, an appropriate amount of calcium will combine with oxalic acid in the intestine to form calcium oxalate which is not easily absorbed, and has the effect of avoiding the occurrence of stones.
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